单选题
3. Data profiling can determine characteristics about individuals or groups not consciously known to themselves.
Data profiling is the process of collecting information about a group or individual in order to produce a profile. This profile contains their trends, correlations and behaviour – it is important in determining an individuals' network or psychological state. Profiles are built through 'electronic trails' which include all the records made by actions. These include credit card payments, phone calls, purchases, location pins and more – often called 'meta-data'. In the United Kingdom, there are a few government bodies that maintain databases containing the 'meta-data' of its citizens. Profiling can be used in order to improve data quality and analysis. However, it is familiar for security services with assessing threats.