Scientific management, also known as Taylorism, was an early attempt at applying scientific principles to management processes. Frederick Taylor championed scientific management during the late 19th and early 20th centuries within manufacturing. Scientific management principles hold that managers must strive for economic efficiency through the rigid structuring of processes. A common criticism of scientific management was the dehumanising effects these rigid structures had on workers, which were treated akin to parts of a machine. Similarly, these processes resulted in de-skilling and routinisation of jobs, both making jobs intrinsically less satisfying for workers. Although scientific management itself was abandoned by the 1930s, its principles can still be seen in many modern management theories.